by Brian Bamford
Juan Goytisolo
1931-2017
THE Catalan writer Juan Goytisolo died last Sunday in Marrakesh. Goytisolo, though born into a privileged family in 1931 - his father was imprisoned by the republican government during the Spanish Civil War, he had a difficult relationship with the Franco regime which censored his books, and he went to live in Paris permanently in 1956.
All his works had been banned in Spain until after Franco's death.
In France, mainly through his wife who was a
writer and editor, he came to know the anarchist film director Luis Buñuel, as well as Sartre and de
Beauvoir, Guy Debord, Camus, Raymond Queneau, Marguerite Duras and –
especially – Jean Genet, who became a ‘moral, rather than
literary’ mentor. Goytisolo has published over forty books, in
various genres; his fiction, certainly since the 70s, is modernist in
style and difficult to classify. He is best known for his journalism,
memoirs, and the novels that make up the
‘Alvaro Mendiola’
trilogy published between 1966-75.
He went into exile in France due to his 'total disagreement' with the Franco regime and the censorship it imposed.
He flirted with the communist party during the late 1950s, which
brought him a four-month jail term, but he was inspired more by his
opposition to the Franco dictatorship than by proletarian conviction.
He began writing at the age of 11, encouraged by his
uncle Luis, and his first novels were published after attending law
school.
His book
Count Julian (1970, 1971, 1974) takes up, in an act of outspoken defiance, the side of Julian, count of Ceuta, a man traditionally castigated as the ultimate traitor
in Spanish history. In Goytisolo's own words, he imagines
'the
destruction of Spanish mythology, its Catholicism and nationalism, in a
literary attack on traditional Spain.' He identifies himself
'with the
great traitor who opened the door to Arab invasion.' The narrator in
this novel, an exile in North Africa like Goytisolo at the end of his life, rages against his beloved Spain,
forming an obsessive identification with the fabled Count Julian,
dreaming that, in a future invasion, the ethos and myths central to
Hispanic identity will be totally destroyed.
In November 2014, Juan Goytisolo gave an online interview to the
White Review with J.S. Tennant, in which he was asked about his attitude to Franco's Spain and his family background as well as questions on his view on the contempoary literature and the political situation:
THE WHITE REVIEW— Your works, and those of your two brothers,
have continually recreated episodes from your family history to give a
window onto Spain and Barcelona of the 1930s and ’40s. Has this
semi-obsession with the period ever surprised you?
JUAN GOYTISOLO:
— Well, the Civil War cast a long shadow and
the death of our mother was a great shock. Later, I hated the Francoist
regime and from the age of about 18 decided that this Spain was not my
Spain. I lost my faith, became obsessed with the idea of escape, and
read only banned books, which I sought out from among my mother’s
shelves or in the back rooms of bookshops.
THE WHITE REVIEW:
— You’ve written before that there’s no better reading experience than that of a banned book…
JUAN GOYTISOLO:
— Oh yes, a book by Cabrera Infante has a lot
more worth in Cuba than outside the country, for example…Censorship has
the Midas touch – everything it infects turns to gold. Everything
becomes politicised; censorship exists to get rid of politics, but in
fact it achieves the reverse.
THE WHITE REVIEW:
— You taught yourself Catalan when living in Paris, but did your mother speak it?
JUAN GOYTISOLO:
— She was bilingual Spanish/Catalan, and mostly
read books in French. When she disappeared, Spanish became the only
language of the house. I was taught practically nothing in the religious
colleges I was sent to – I learnt French and English on my own, after
I’d moved away.
THE WHITE REVIEW:
— When the Arab Spring started in Tunisia you were one of the first to publically predict the same would happen in Egypt…
JUAN GOYTISOLO:
— It was like all revolutions, which start with
a great yearning for freedom. All those young people on the barricades,
thinking they were going to create a democratic state within a short
period, I said to them, ‘Look at Spain, from the first Constitution in
1812 until 1879 there was an absolutist monarchy, then a liberal
monarchy, three civil wars, four dictatorships…’ In France it was the
same, it started with the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Man’, then came
the Terror, the Directorate, and Napoleon as emperor. Creating democracy
is a slow and circuitous process.
THE WHITE REVIEW:
— Do you see any solution to what’s happening in Syria?
JUAN GOYTISOLO:
— No, and for a very simple reason (as things
tend to be) that it is not in the United States’ interest for either
side to win. So they are waiting for each to exhaust itself
–sacrificing, in the process, the Syrian people. The mistake was not
arming the opposition forces when they could have made a difference, and
before their radicalisation.
THE WHITE REVIEW:
— Could popular uprisings happen here in Morocco, or Algeria?
JUAN GOYTISOLO:
— Algeria suffered a terrible civil war in the
1990s. People don’t want anything to do with extremism. There were a few
reforms here, some of them cosmetic, and free elections were allowed
which were won by an Islamist party, but the king still holds most of
the power.
THE WHITE REVIEW:
— Do you believe that literature created from the margins is always better than more popular, visible, forms?
JUAN GOYTISOLO:
— I’ve always found a perspective from the
periphery more interesting than one from the centre. I learnt this from
the Christian converts in Spain, the Jewish conversos, who
maintained a critical view of society because they were marginalised.
(But of course there are also those who situate themselves at the centre
of things are still great writers.) In spite of what they say, I’ve
never promoted heterodoxy for its own sake, but to widen the traditional
Spanish canon by rescuing what Arab culture, that of the Jews, the
Enlightenment, the Illuminati, the freemasons and encyclopédistes have bestowed us. My mission has been to rescue all that’s been excluded for religious or ideological reasons.
He went into exile in France due to his "total disagreement" with the Franco regime and the censorship it imposed.
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