Britain's welfare state.

 

I don't think any of us alive today in Britain, have any real sense of how insecure life was for many people in Britain before the introduction of the welfare state. People could literally starve to death. 

In Mrs Gaskell's book Mary Barton, which is set in Manchester, there are references to people taking opium to alleviate stomach pains brought on by a lack of food. In the novel 'The Mystery of Edwin Drood' by Charles Dickens, an old woman who smokes opium, says it "takes away the hunger as well as wittles." I believe that the English opium eater Thomas de Quincy first started taking opium to quell hunger pains. 

In his book 'The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations' published in 1776, Adam Smith describes how three women died from starvation in 1763, in an empty house in Stonecutter Street, London. 

Although we associate the welfare state with William Beveridge, it was the Liberal governments of Herbert Asquith and David Lloyd George that laid the foundations of the modern British welfare state. One early measure was the introduction of free school meals for school children in 1906 which many local councils objected to because they believed that it was the responsibility of parents to feed their own children and not the state. Pensions were introduced in 1908 and you qualified for pension at the age of 70. Average adult life expectancy in Britain in 1908, was 48. 

The workhouse ended with the introduction of Beveridge's welfare reforms which launched the NHS and promised to slay five giants - WANT, DISEASE, IGNORANCE, SQUALOR and IDLENESS.