Can you
trust the doctor? I read the book 'Human Guinea Pigs', by Doctor Maurice
Pappworth, many years ago. First published in 1967, the book revealed how
unsuspecting patients of the "hospital class" in Britain, were being
used as “guinea pigs" in medical
experiments by hospital doctors, often at British teaching hospitals, during
the 1960s.
The book described how some hospital doctors were treating their patients with as much respect as laboratory rats, and we're sometimes, killing them in the process. The experiments were never carried out on private patients in Britain, and were often unnecessary, for the treatment of their disease. They were sacrificed to science by "wolves in white coats", said one reviewer.
Pappworth was considered a "pestilential nuisance" by many of his colleagues within the medical profession. When it became known that he was going to publish his findings, he was subject to threats and intimidation from strangers, in an attempt to get him to abandon the project. He was accused of doing a great disservice to his profession and of undermining the faith and trust, that lay people have in their doctor. He was repeatedly blackballed from the routine award of a fellowship from the Royal College of Physicians and was told at one interview for a consultancy post, that "no Jew could ever be a gentleman."
Maurice Pappworth was a whistleblower before the term was ever invented. The incidents that Maurice Pappworth described in his book ranged over more than 20 years, but in the main, what had occurred within the last 10 years, within Britain and America. He wrote:
Medical experiments were not just carried out in hospitals, but we're also carried out in prisons, orphanages and psychiatric centres, too. Pappworth had been told by medical students how they were coerced into finding 'volunteers' for their bosses research projects and that such patients often believed the research was part of their treatment, and were rarely told what was involved.
Delving into medical journals, Pappworth found that abuses were happening on a shocking scale, involving thousands of victims. He wrote letters of protest to medical journals, but few were published. Human Guinea Pigs, catalogued more than 200 examples of abusive research carried out in the U.K. and U.S. Pappworth named names and many publisher's backed off from publishing the book. Among those he named, no doctor or hospital ever sued him.
Doctors injected unsuspecting people with malaria parasites, meningitis bacteria, live polio virus and live cancer cells. More than 40 people with diabetes, including children, had their insulin withheld so they became comatose, after which samples of their liver and kidney, were taken for analysis.
Pappworth discovered that U.S. hospitals were carrying out experiments for the Los Alamos nuclear laboratory, to inject plutonium into people with cancer, to find out what was a "safe" dose of radiation for those working on nuclear bombs.
Two four-month-old hydrocephalic infants were used to investigate the safety of giving ammonium chloride intravenously in large amounts of children. In 1962, a new antibiotic designed to treat acne vulgaris (pimples), was investigated. The antibiotics was given to 50 people with acne who were either juvenile delinquents or mental defectives. After oral administration of the drug, for two weeks, fifty percent of the children, were found to have sustained liver damage.
"Juvenile delinquency in the USA, seems to carry with it hazards not previously suspected. The pimpled gangster of today may find himself the bilious guinea pig of tomorrow. It seems a little hard, perhaps, for a boy who has spent his formative years learning how to dodge flick knives, to fall victim to intercostal perforation by a liver puncture needle."
In January 1963, 'Pertinax' wrote in the British Medical Journal: "One of the nicest American scientists I know, was heard to say, 'Criminals in our penitentiaries are fine experimental material - and much cheaper than chimpanzees! I hope the chimpanzees don't come to hear of this'."
In 1944, in a Chicago prison and a New Jersey reformatory, convict volunteers were infected with malaria to try a new cure. On 12 July 1963, 'Time' magazine wrote that volunteers at the Ohio State Penitentiary in Columbus, had been injected with live cancer cells. None of them developed cancer. At Cook County Jail in Chicago, prison volunteers were injected with blood from patients who had leukaemia. None of those contracted the disease either. At the Oklahoma State Penitentiary, the medical director had made deals with pharmaceutical companies to test out new drugs on prisoners.
In his book, Maurice Pappworth pulled no punches, comparing the situation to the foul work that had been carried out by doctors in the Nazi concentration camps. The book led to a rethinking about ethical standards in medicine. But this was an era, when British doctors could seemingly do no wrong. Pappworth noted that many doctors had near contempt for both their patients and the notion of consent. One researcher told him that it was "useless to explain to a charwoman what was going to be done, because she couldn't possibly understand."
The world needs more whistleblowers like Maurice Pappworth, but they won't be thanked. It was only in 1993, 57 years after he qualified for it, and a year before he died, aged 83, that Pappworth was sufficiently forgiven to be made a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.





















